Clauses

使い方

文章中に、主語と動詞が含まれる部分を、節 Clause と呼ぶ。

それ自体で意味が成り立つ節を、主節 Main Clause と呼ぶ。対して、それ自体では意味が成り立たない節を、従属節 Subordinate Clause と呼ぶ。

  • 主節 Main Clause
  • 従属節 Subordinate Clause
    • 形容詞節 Adjective Clause: 関係代名詞 Relative Pronoun を用いて、名詞を修飾
    • 副詞節 Adverb Clause: 従位接続詞 Subordinate Conjunction を用いて、主節を修飾

形容詞節

制限用法と非制限用法

制限用法は、特定するための必須の情報 Restrictive / Essential の場合、節をカンマで区切らない。

  • The man who stands by that door is my father.

非制限用法は、補足情報 Nonrestrictive / Nonessential であれば、カンマで区切る。関係代名詞に that を使うことはできない。

  • My sister Alice, that who lives in Cupertino, works for Apple.

文書においては、制限用法には that を使い、非制限用法には who / which を使うように統一することで、より読みやすくなる。

that / who / which / what

who により、人物に関する情報を追加できる。 who の代わりに that を使う事ができる。目的語になる場合は who / that を省略できる。

  • The woman (who|that) is speaking is my mother.
  • The people I work with are very friendly.

物に対しては which を使う。

  • The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
  • The hotel that you recommended was very comfortable.
  • Have you finished reading the book (which) I lent to you?
  • The Scala programming language, that which is a JVM language, makes you a better programmer.
  • Yesterday I visited Bob’s house, which I’ve never been to.
  • I had a new job, which I’m enjoying a lot.

whatthe thing that の意味になる。

  • I didn’t hear what you said.
  • I did that what he asked me to do.
  • I did the thing what that he asked me to do.

whose

whosehis / her / their の代わりとして、関係節を組み立てることができる。

  • I met a man whose brother knows you.
  • in Quebec, many people whose mother tongue is English speak French.

whom / which

目的語の場合 whom / which で、ペアの前置詞を前に持ってくる事ができる。前置詞をともなう場合は that に置き換えることはできない。ただし、口語ではあまり使われない。

  • The people with that with whom I work are very friendly.
  • Mr. Yamada, to that to whom I talked yesterday, is interesting.
  • I had a map, without that without which I wouldn’t have gotten here.

of … で部分集合に関連づけるときは whom / which を使う。

  • I have a lot of friends, most of whom I met in college.
  • She said that she bought a book, the name of which I can’t remember.

…ing / …ed

一時的に起こっていること (who / which) + be + …ing…ing に省略できる。

  • There are some people (who are) waiting for a bus.
  • The man (who is) standing by that door is my father.
  • The taxi (which was) taking us to the airport broke down.

常時起こっていること which do についても …ing で省略できる。

  • He has a book containing the information we need. (A book which contains the information)

(who / which) + be + …ed…ed に省略できる。

  • There’s a car (which was) broken by somebody.
  • The book (which was) written by him is very nice.
  • Somebody (who is) named Alice called you about an hour ago.

when / where / why / how

前置詞 + whichwhen / where / why / how あるいは that に置き換える。文脈から自明の先行詞や関係詞は省略する。

  • when: the (year|month|day|time) (in|on|at) which
    • Next month is January. That’s the month in which I was born.
    • That’s (the month) when I was born.
    • That’s the month (when|that) I was born.
    • Halloween is the day on which kids dress up in costumes and beg for candy.
    • Halloween is the day (when|that) kids dress up in costumes and beg for candy.
    • A Timestamp is the time at which an event is recorded by a computer.
    • A Timestamp is the time (when|that) an event is recorded by a computer.
  • where: the place (in|on|at|to) which
    • I don’t know the place at which the party will be held.
    • I don’t know where the party will be held.
    • I don’t know the place (where|that) the party will be held.
  • why: the reason for which
    • This is the reason for which I started this blog.
    • This is why I started this blog.
    • This is the reason (why|that) I started this blog.
  • how: the way in which
    • Please tell me the way in which you did it.
    • Please tell me the way you did it.
    • Please tell me how you did it.
    • Please tell me the way how you did it. the way how は実際には使われていない