Clauses

使い方

文章中に、主語と動詞が含まれる部分を、節 Clause と呼ぶ。

それ自体で意味が成り立つ節を、主節 Main Clause と呼ぶ。対して、それ自体では意味が成り立たない節を、従属節 Subordinate Clause と呼ぶ。

• 主節 Main Clause
• 従属節 Subordinate Clause
  • 形容詞節 Adjective Clause: 関係代名詞 Relative Pronoun を用いて、名詞を修飾
  • 副詞節 Adverb Clause: 従位接続詞 Subordinate Conjunction を用いて、主節を修飾

形容詞節

制限用法と非制限用法

制限用法は、特定するための必須の情報 Restrictive / Essential の場合、節をカンマで区切らない。

• The man who stands by that door is my father.

非制限用法は、補足情報 Nonrestrictive / Nonessential であれば、カンマで区切る。関係代名詞に that を使うことはできない。

• My sister Alice, that who lives in Cupertino, works for Apple.

文書においては、制限用法には that を使い、非制限用法には who / which を使うように統一することで、より読みやすくなる。

that / who / which / what

who により、人物に関する情報を追加できる。 who の代わりに that を使う事ができる。目的語になる場合は who / that を省略できる。

• The woman (who|that) is speaking is my mother.
• The people I work with are very friendly.

物に対しては which を使う。

• The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
• The hotel that you recommended was very comfortable.
• Have you finished reading the book (which) I lent to you?
• The Scala programming language, that which is a JVM language, makes you a better programmer.
• Yesterday I visited Bob’s house, which I’ve never been to.
• I had a new job, which I’m enjoying a lot.

what は the thing that の意味になる。

• I didn’t hear what you said.
• I did that what he asked me to do.
• I did the thing what that he asked me to do.

whose

whose は his / her / their の代わりとして、関係節を組み立てることができる。

• I met a man whose brother knows you.
• in Quebec, many people whose mother tongue is English speak French.

whom / which

目的語の場合 whom / which で、ペアの前置詞を前に持ってくる事ができる。前置詞をともなう場合は that に置き換えることはできない。ただし、口語ではあまり使われない。

• The people with that with whom I work are very friendly.
• Mr. Yamada, to that to whom I talked yesterday, is interesting.
• I had a map, without that without which I wouldn’t have gotten here.

of … で部分集合に関連づけるときは whom / which を使う。

• I have a lot of friends, most of whom I met in college.
• She said that she bought a book, the name of which I can’t remember.

…ing / …ed

一時的に起こっていること (who / which) + be + …ing は …ing に省略できる。

• There are some people (who are) waiting for a bus.
• The man (who is) standing by that door is my father.
• The taxi (which was) taking us to the airport broke down.

常時起こっていること which do についても …ing で省略できる。

• He has a book containing the information we need. (A book which contains the information)

(who / which) + be + …ed は …ed に省略できる。

• There’s a car (which was) broken by somebody.
• The book (which was) written by him is very nice.
• Somebody (who is) named Alice called you about an hour ago.

when / where / why / how

前置詞 + which は when / where / why / how あるいは that に置き換える。文脈から自明の先行詞や関係詞は省略する。

• when: the (year|month|day|time) (in|on|at) which
  • Next month is January. That’s the month in which I was born.
  • That’s (the month) when I was born.
  • That’s the month (when|that) I was born.
  • Halloween is the day on which kids dress up in costumes and beg for candy.
  • Halloween is the day (when|that) kids dress up in costumes and beg for candy.
  • A Timestamp is the time at which an event is recorded by a computer.
  • A Timestamp is the time (when|that) an event is recorded by a computer.
• where: the place (in|on|at|to) which
  • I don’t know the place at which the party will be held.
  • I don’t know where the party will be held.
  • I don’t know the place (where|that) the party will be held.
• why: the reason for which
  • This is the reason for which I started this blog.
  • This is why I started this blog.
  • This is the reason (why|that) I started this blog.
• how: the way in which
  • Please tell me the way in which you did it.
  • Please tell me the way you did it.
  • Please tell me how you did it.
  • Please tell me the way how you did it. the way how は実際には使われていない