Passive

使い方

受動態 Passive は be + 過去分詞 で「… される」という意味になる。

• The house was built in 1890.
  • Somoone built the house in 1890.

以下のように by により、主語と述語を置き換えることができる。

• This book was written by me.
  • I wrote this book.

二つの目的語（直接目的語 / 間接目的語）を取る動詞の場合、以下のように置き換える。

• Someone gave us the information.
  • We were given the information.
  • The information was given to us.
• Someone offered me a new job.
  • I was offered a new job.
  • A new job was offered to me.
• Someone ask me the question.
  • I was asked the question.
  • The question was asked of me.

受動態にする場合、主に人（間接目的語）を主語にするが buy のように「人が買われた」と誤解される場合は、その限りではない。

• Someone bought her the present.
  • She __was bought__ the present.
  • The present was bought for her.

時制や助動詞を忘れがちなので注意する。

• I want to be left alone.
• The baggage is going to be returned to you.
• The application couldn’t be restarted.
• The agreement must be contained in this document.
• The message might have been sent to the wrong address.
• Your account would be stolen if you didn’t change your password.
• The procedure should have been followed.
• The conference has been canceled.
• The house is being restored.

said / supposed

It’s said that / is said to で「… と言われている」という噂を伝えることができる。

• It is said that she is a teacher.
  • She is said to be a teacher.
• It is known that Lisp is the best programming language.
  • Lisp is known to be the best programming language.
• It is believed that he will win the game.
  • He is believed to win the game.
• It is expected that more than 10,000 people will visit the site per day on average.
  • More than 10,000 people is expected to visit the site per day on average.

警察の捜査の際に allege / believe / report がよく使われる。過去について言及する時は to have + 過去分詞 の形になる。

• It is alleged that he stole the money. 彼がその金を盗んだと疑われている
  • He is alleged to have stolen the money.
• It is believed that he is wearing a hat. 彼は帽子をかぶっているらしい
  • He is believed to be wearing a hat.
• It is reported that he was walking along the street. 彼はその道路を歩いていたと報告がある
  • He is reported to have been walking along the street.

said to の代わりに supposed to 「… という噂だ」も使える。

• The new version is supposed to work fine. ちゃんと動くみたいだ
• The book is supposed to not be very good. あまり良くないらしい
• He is supposed to have stolen money. お金を盗んだらしい

supposed to には「… すること（予定）である」という意味もある。

• Our technicians are supposed to be coming up to fix the trouble.
• He was supposed to email me yesterday.

not supposed to の場合は「… することは想定されていない = してはならない」意味になる。

• You’re not supposed to eat here. Could you wait until seats are available?
• He has just left the hospital a few days ago. He’s not supposed to work so hard.

get

出来事や変化のある動詞で be の代わりに get が用いられることがある。

• I got invited to the party. 誘われていた
• I get involved in Haskell. 夢中になっている
• I didn’t get offered the job. 仕事をもらえなかった

ただし、以下のフレーズにあるように、必ずしも get + 過去分詞 が受動態を表すわけではない。

• get married 結婚する
• get divorced 離婚する
• get dressed 着る
• get changed 着替える
• get lost 道に迷う

have something done

have something done は「… を … してもらう（手配をする）」という意味になる。

• I had my car repaired.
• I’m having my car repaired.
• Do you have your report reviewed?
• I don’t like having my room cleaned.

手配はしなくても、予期しない嫌なことをされた場合でも使われる。

• I had my bag stolen.
• I had my flight canceled.
• I had my license taken away.