Condition
Prepositions
as / like
by
手段の意味での by には冠詞はつけない。
- I go to work by train.
- Did you come here by taxi?
- He goes to work by bicycle.
- Please contact us by (e-mail|phone).
- I’ll pay by (check|credit card).
- I met him by (accident|chance).
- They sent the wrong items by mistake.
限定詞が付く場合には in / on を使う。
- I went there on the 9:45 train.
- Did you come here in your car?
- He went to the office on a bicycle.
手段に必ず by を用いるわけではなく、例外もある。
- I go to work on foot.
- I’ll pay (in) cash.
- I didn’t do it on purpose.
受動態とともに用いる by は手段ではなく、動作の主体を指すので、限定されなければならない。
- This book was written by Alice.
- I was asked the same question by my teacher.
for
for は「…のために」で、対価 / 原因 / 目的を指す。共通しているのは、動作対象と同格ではない点にある。言い換えると、動作の対象に使われることはない。
- make some coffee for me 作るのはコーヒー
- go to the shop 店に行く
go for the shop店のために、どこかに行く?
- give it to me 私にそれを与える
give it for me私のために、それを誰かに与える?
- He is famous for the movie 映画で有名
- He is famous as an actor 俳優 = 彼として有名
- the results of the examination 試験の結果
the results for the examination試験を受けるための結果?
on / upon
「…において」という役割/条件下にあるという意味で使われる。
- I’m going on vacation next month.
- What kind of team are you on? I’m on a basketball team.
- The application crashes on clicking the “Reload” button. (… when I’m clicking …)
通信経路は on になる。
- Have you seen the news on TV?
- We were talking to each other on the phone.
- You can find more information on the internet.
on the way to … で、「… への道すがら」という表現が使える。
- I met him on the way to school.
- I met her on the way home.
upon は on と同じ意味だが、慣用句などで語気を強める時に使われる。
- once upon a time
- wish upon a star
with / without
aboard
- They will come aboard a ship. 船に乗って
about / concering / regarding
- We talked about the topic.
- information concering the patient
- information regarding the next meeting
against
- walk against the wind
- the game against your team
- a picture against the sky
among
- among the boy 少年達に囲まれて
astride
- astride a horse 馬にまたがって
except / excepting / other than
- No one came except you.
other than は名詞句を導き、「… 以外の …」で、除外元集合を取る。
- any day next week other than friday
- somebody other than myself
including / excluding
other than
by phone vs. on the phone
by phone は contact と共に用いられる。
- Please contact us by phone.
on the phone は talk と共に用いられる。
- We were talking to each other on the phone.
違いは定かではないが、継続動作で通信経路にいるイメージなら on the phone が使われるということかもしれない。
by vs. with
by は行為者に用いる。 with は行為者が用いた道具を指す。
- The window was broken by somebody.
- The window was broken with a hammer.
- The window was broken by somebody with a hammer.
道具に by を用いると、道具が主体になる。
- The window was broken by a hammer. ハンマーが飛んできて壊れた(誰のせいでもない)
- The window was broken with a hammer. ハンマーで壊された(誰かのせい)